An ingrown toenail, medically known as onychocryptosis, occurs when the edge or corner of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin. This common condition can be painful, and if not treated properly, it may lead to infection or recurring problems. Understanding what causes an ingrown toenail and how to treat it can help you manage the condition effectively and prevent it from returning.
What Causes an Ingrown Toenail?
Ingrown toenails develop for several reasons. While anyone can experience one, certain habits and health conditions can significantly increase the risk.
1. Improper Nail Trimming
One of the most common causes is cutting toenails too short or curving the edges instead of trimming them straight across. When the nail is rounded or tapered, it may grow into the soft skin beside it. Cutting too deeply into the corners also creates an opportunity for the nail to grow in the wrong direction.
2. Tight-Fitting Shoes
Shoes that squeeze the toes—such as narrow-toe dress shoes, high heels, or tight athletic shoes—apply pressure to the toenails. Over time, this pressure forces the nail to grow abnormally, pushing it into the skin. Socks that are too tight can have the same effect.
3. Toe Trauma
Injury to the toe can damage the nail and cause abnormal growth. Stubbing the toe, dropping something heavy on it, or repetitive stress from activities like soccer, running, or ballet can all contribute to ingrown toenails.
4. Genetic or Anatomical Factors
Some people are naturally more prone to ingrown toenails because of their nail shape. Nails that are unusually curved, thick, or fan-shaped tend to grow inward more easily. A family history of ingrown toenails also increases the likelihood of developing them.
5. Poor Foot Hygiene
Excessive moisture from sweaty feet or not changing socks frequently can soften the skin and make it easier for the nail to pierce it. Fungal infections, which thicken and distort the nail, also contribute to the problem.
6. Medical Conditions
Certain medical issues, such as diabetes or poor circulation, can increase the risk of foot problems, including ingrown toenails. Conditions that cause swelling in the feet can also put added pressure on the nails.
Symptoms of an Ingrown Toenail
Ingrown toenails usually start mild but can worsen quickly if left untreated. Common symptoms include:
- Pain or tenderness along one or both sides of the nail
- Redness and swelling around the nail
- Hardened skin at the nail edge
- Fluid buildup or pus (a sign of infection)
- Warmth in the affected toe
If the infection becomes severe, walking may become painful and medical care may be needed.
Home Treatments for Ingrown Toenails
If the ingrown toenail is mild and not infected, several home remedies may help ease symptoms and guide the nail back into proper growth.
1. Warm Salt Soaks
Soaking the foot in warm water mixed with Epsom salt can soften the skin and reduce inflammation. Soak for 15–20 minutes, 2–3 times per day. After soaking, gently dry the foot and apply an antibacterial ointment.
2. Lift the Nail Edge
For mild cases, gently lifting the nail corner with a small piece of cotton or dental floss can help encourage the nail to grow above the skin instead of into it. The cotton should be changed daily to avoid bacteria buildup.
3. Wear Proper Footwear
Switching to open-toe shoes or loose-fitting footwear can relieve pressure on the affected nail and allow it to heal. Breathable socks also help reduce moisture around the toes.
4. Over-the-Counter Pain Relief
Non-prescription medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can reduce pain and swelling.
5. Keep the Area Clean
Wash the toe daily with mild soap and water. Avoid cutting or trimming the nail further when it is already ingrown.
When to Seek Medical Treatment
If the ingrown toenail becomes infected, does not improve with home care, or keeps returning, professional medical treatment is recommended. You should seek care immediately if you notice:
- Severe swelling
- Pus or drainage
- Intense or worsening pain
- Fever
- Red streaks spreading from the toe
- If you have diabetes or circulation problems
Medical Treatments for Ingrown Toenails
A healthcare provider can offer several effective treatment options.
1. Partial Nail Removal (Partial Nail Avulsion)
For severe ingrown toenails, a doctor may numb the toe and remove the portion of the nail that is growing into the skin. This procedure provides quick relief and helps prevent infection.
2. Nail Matrix Removal
If ingrown toenails keep coming back, the doctor may remove part of the nail root (the matrix). This prevents that section of nail from growing again, reducing the chance of recurrence.
3. Antibiotics
When infection is present, oral or topical antibiotics may be prescribed to clear the infection and reduce inflammation.
4. Drainage of Abscess
If a pus-filled abscess forms, a doctor may need to drain it to relieve pressure and stop the infection from spreading.
Preventing Ingrown Toenails
Prevention is easier than treatment. To reduce your chances of developing an ingrown toenail:
- Trim toenails straight across, not curved
- Avoid deep cuts into the corners
- Wear comfortable, properly-fitting shoes
- Keep feet clean and dry
- Change socks daily
- Protect feet from injury
- Treat fungal infections promptly
Conclusion
Ingrown toenails are a common but often preventable foot problem. They can cause significant discomfort, but with proper nail care, good footwear, and prompt treatment, most cases can be resolved quickly. If symptoms worsen or infections develop, professional medical attention can provide relief and prevent long-term complications. By understanding the causes and treatment options, you can take better care of your feet and avoid recurring issues.
